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Image manipulation in manuscripts has become an emerging type of research misconduct, with nearly 4% of papers exhibiting some type of suspicious image alteration. Between Google images and photo editing tools, it is possible to modify…

Authors are required to follow referencing styles in academic writing. The Harvard style of referencing uses an author-date format for citations. Unlike other referencing styles, the Harvard style of referencing differs between…

Before research appears in scientific publications, it is peer-reviewed. Recognized experts often are researchers themselves who will scrutinize the manuscript. If the research is flawed or does not meet the scientific standard, it will be…

In simple terms, if you want your research paper published in a reputable journal, it must be read and assessed by experts in the field through the peer review process before being accepted by the journal. As hard as it is to accept…

Animal research has been conducted for a very long time. One of the key arguments for animal testing is the fact that we can generate data that will be useful for treating disease in humans. However, the use of non-human subjects for…

Choosing the right pronoun for instances where a person’s gender is unknown or does not conform to the social norms is a topic that has been much discussed and debated. English grammar books explain that English only has the gendered…

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) funds a large portion of the biomedical research in the United States. Biological research helps advance innovation, create cures or treatments for diseases, and positively affects the economy.…

Peer review is an integral part of the publication cycle. It involves an independent and unbiased assessment by reviewers of a manuscript on the grounds of originality, significance, and novelty of the study. However, the traditional…

Increasingly, academic and scientific journals are requiring authors to submit their manuscripts with additional or supplemental material. These requirements can be found in the instructions for author’s page on each journal’s website.…

Research studies involve the analysis of crucial data and drawing appropriate conclusions from that data. With the constant increase in the number of research studies, the amount of data generated is now enormous, thus making it difficult…