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So you have carefully written your research paper and probably ran it through your colleagues ten to fifteen times. While there are many elements to a good research article, one of the most important elements for your readers is the…

Peer review is an essential part of science publishing, and although it has been criticized many times, it remains the most accepted way to assess the quality of research papers. Its main goal is to filter out incorrect, fraudulent, or…

A systematic review is often used to analyze current medical research landscape or scope and to identify new research areas.  Systematic reviews are used as the basis for developing clinical guidelines and informed clinical decisions. In…

Peer review is a way by which manuscripts can be assessed for their quality. Reviewers scrutinize the draft of a journal article, grant application, or other work and provide feedback to the author(s) for improving the text. Reviewers don’t…

Image manipulation in manuscripts has become an emerging type of research misconduct, with nearly 4% of papers exhibiting some type of suspicious image alteration. Between Google images and photo editing tools, it is possible to modify…

Authors are required to follow referencing styles in academic writing. The Harvard style of referencing uses an author-date format for citations. Unlike other referencing styles, the Harvard style of referencing differs between…

Before research appears in scientific publications, it is peer-reviewed. Recognized experts often are researchers themselves who will scrutinize the manuscript. If the research is flawed or does not meet the scientific standard, it will be…

In simple terms, if you want your research paper published in a reputable journal, it must be read and assessed by experts in the field through the peer review process before being accepted by the journal. As hard as it is to accept…

Animal research has been conducted for a very long time. One of the key arguments for animal testing is the fact that we can generate data that will be useful for treating disease in humans. However, the use of non-human subjects for…

Choosing the right pronoun for instances where a person’s gender is unknown or does not conform to the social norms is a topic that has been much discussed and debated. English grammar books explain that English only has the gendered…